Catalytic test composition intended to produce a range of colors

ABSTRACT

Test compositions and test devices are provided which are capable of generating different hues at different analyte concentrations. Visual results for clinically important analytes, such as glucose and cholesterol, are provided by use of compositions containing two independent catalytic systems which are reactive with a common substrate generated from the analyte of interest, to produce visual endpoints of different hues for different concentrations of analyte. Preferred formulations provide a RAINBOW of hues, the particular final hue produced depending on the concentration of the analyte.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to test compositions and test devices capable of generating different hues at different analyte concentrations. Visual tests for clinical analytes are the focus of the invention.

UTILITY

Colorimetric tests are conveniently used as visual tests with which relatively untrained personnel can routinely obtain results by simple comparison to an appropriate color chart. Visual tests are inexpensive and convenient since no instrumentation is required. Presently, visual tests are used for routine screening of urine samples for a number of diagnostically important analytes, used by diabetics for home testing of urine or blood glucose and used in other fields, for example water testing for iron content.

However, currently available visual tests relate the intensity of a particular color to the concentration of analyte. For example, a test device may change from colorless to light blue to darker shades of blue with increasing concentration of glucose. Greater visual discrimination, and therefore greater accuracy, is possible, when a range of colors is provided rather than different shades of a single color. Therefore a test composition which exhibits different colors (or hues) at different analyte concentrations would be easier to use and would provide more accurate visual results.

In order to allow visual differentiation of higher concentrations of glucose, many currently available products resort to the use of two reagents pads, one of which provides better color differentiation at the higher concentration range. Otherwise such products would exhibit only very slightly differing shades of dark blue (or dark green) above 150 mg/dL glucose. In contrast, a test device of this invention can produce dramatic color changes, blue to sea green to light yellow to red, over a range of 0 to 800 mg/dL glucose.

This invention provides compositions which allow the control of the production of a range of hues, especially for clinically important analytes.

INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,465 discloses a test system for the determination of glucose having an extended range of measurement. The system contains at least one pyridine linked dehydrogenase and one non-pyridine linked dehydrogenase. However the indicators produced are said to be in equilibrium. Therefore, their reaction and subsequent color change could not be independently controlled.

DE 32 11 167 claims at least two enzymes systems each of which is independently capable of catalyzing the direct or indirect conversion of a substrate. The specification defines "independent of one another" to mean that, in the simultaneous presence of the systems that react with the substrate, the reaction through the second system takes place only after the coenzyme of the first system has been largely consumed.

DE 32 47 894 discloses a test system for the determination of NAD(P)H or substrates or enzymes reacting under the formation or consumption of NAD(P)H characterized in that it contains a single enzyme system which can react with several substances with different electrochemical potentials, in the presence of NAD(P)H. The color formation is controlled by the electrochemical potentials of the substances used and the system cannot be altered to produce different colors at different analyte concentrations except by finding substances having different electrochemical potentials. Particular examples of electron acceptors include dichlorophenolindophenol and INT, (2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride). The specification states that the test system can be impregnated into absorbent materials. A yellow component is added to the color seen by the incorporation of a background dye, titanium yellow.

Japanese Patent Application 59-106299 was published June 19, 1984. The application discloses a method for estimating NAD(P)H with oxidized glutathione in the presence of glutathione reductase and a color forming agent. Examples of color forming agents given are 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); N-(1-anilino-naphthyl-4)maleimide; Beta-hydroxyethyl-2,4-dinitrophenyldisulfide; 2,2-dithiopyridine; and benzimidazolyl maleimide.

European Patent Application 0-153-872 discloses a method for the determination of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate which involves reacting NAD(P)H with (1) peroxidase or thiol oxide reductase and (2) diaphorase or an electron carrier in the presence of a chromogen and determining the pigment thus formed. These two reactions do not act on a common substrate.

None of these disclosures provide test compositions composed of two independent catalytic systems capable of generating changes in hue independently.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a test composition for the visual determination of the concentration of an analyte in fluid sample, comprising: (a) a common substrate generating system capable of generating a common substrate by reaction with an analyte of interest; (b) a first independent catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a first indicator component by reaction with the common substrate; and, (c) a second independent catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a second indicator component by reaction with the common substrate; whereby the generation of the change in hues of the first and second indicator components can be controlled to provide different hues at different analyte concentrations, the particular final hue produced by the test composition depending on the concentration of the analyte. The change in hues of the first and second indicator components of the two independent systems occurs substantially simultaneously.

The composition can be dissolved to provide a test solution or incorporated in a carrier matrix to provide a test device format. The use of compartmentalization to prepare a test device is preferred.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Visual color matching is convenient and it can provide an acceptably accurate determination of analyte concentration without the need for expensive instrumentation. Color can be broken into components such as saturation, lightness and hue. Hue is commonly referred to as "color" e.g., whether something "looks" blue, red or yellow. Throughout the specification the term "hue" is used.

Generally one hue is associated with one form of a single indicator. Therefore in order to generate a range of hues, a number of different indicator molecules are required. The possible changes of hue are numerous. An indicator can change from one hue to another, one hue to colorless or from colorless to a hue. It is even possible that the indicator itself will not change but that the format of a device incorporating the test composition is such that there is an apparent change in hue of the device when contacted with a test sample containing the anaylte. For example, the hue of the indicator could not be seen prior to the reaction of the test composition with the analyte but is visible after that reaction occurs. Because it is desirable that the change of final hue exhibited by the test device from one analyte concentration to another be as clear to the user as possible; the changes, colorless to a hue and a hue to colorless, have been preferred. When using two or more indicators, at least one indicator component is preferably changed from one hue to colorless. Otherwise the final hue of the test composition or device will move toward black as more hues are produced. While a composition containing two indicator components can be used, the use of three indicator components has been found to be advantageous.

It is particularly desirable to control the production and/or disappearance of indicators which in one form exhibit one of the primary hues: red, yellow, blue.

For example, consider a test composition containing indicators which exhibit the following change in hue in the order shown.

indicator (1) blue to colorless

indicator (2) colorless to yellow

indicator (3) colorless to red If the indicators react in sequence, the apparent final hue of the test composition would be blue to colorless to orange (yellow+red).

However, if indicator 2 changed hue concurrently with indicator 1, the change in indicator 3 occurring later; the apparent final hue of test composition would be blue to green (blue+yellow) to yellow to orange (yellow+red) to red.

A similar example is:

indicator (1) red to colorless

indicator (2) colorless to yellow

indicator (3) colorless to blue If the indicators reacted in sequence the apparent final hue of the test composition would be red to colorless to yellow to green (blue+yellow). If the indicators reacted as described above, with two indicator changes being produced simultaneously the third change being delayed, the apparent hue of the test composition would be red to orange (red+yellow) to yellow to green (yellow+blue) to blue.

Both of these schemes containing simultaneous hue changes could produce a full spectrum RAINBOW. Such a RAINBOW would be desirable because it would provide the widest range of hues visible to the eye.

The problem is twofold: (1) to select the indicators having changes in hue induced independently to give the maximum change in hue, and; (2) to ensure that these indicators react in an orderly fashion depending only on the concentration of the analyte.

It has been found that a controlled range of hues can be produced by using two independent catalytic systems, each reactive with a common substrate to produce changes in hue of one or more indicator components. The systems are chosen such that the indicator(s) in one system are not in equilibrium with the indicator(s) in the other system during the time of the assay. Therefore, the final hue produced by the test composition when contacted by a particular analyte concentration can be controlled by the activities of the independent catalytic systems. The final hue produced can be controlled by the relative increase or decrease of concentrations of the components and catalyts in the test composition.

Each independent catalytic system is a system capable of generating one or more changes in hue or changes in apparent hue. Each system reacts with a common substrate. The common substrate is usually some pivotal substrate which participates in many catalytic reactions. For example, the common substrate can be reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH; adenosine triphosphate, ATP; hydrogen peroxide, H₂ O₂ ; glycerol; or any other moiety which can be produced from the analyte of interest and can participate in two independent reactions to produce changes in hue.

The terms catalyst and catalytic are used in their conventional sense herein. A "catalytic" reaction is a reaction in which the rate is changed by the addition of a "catalyst" but the catalyst itself is unchanged. The catalytic reactions referred to herein are usually enzymatic but can also include nonenzymatic reactions such as those catalyzed with phenazine methosulfate. The term "independent" means that the indicator components undergoing a change in hue in one catalytic system are not in equilibrium with the indicator component(s) undergoing change in the other catalytic system during the assay time involved.

The common substrate is generated from the analyte of interest by a common substrate generating system which is usually enzymatic. Table 1 shows analytes of clinical interest and useful enzymatic systems which can provide a common substrate for this test. These reactions, and the reaction components required, are well known and are presently the basis for many diagnostic reactions which generate changes in intensity of a single hue in response to analyte concentration.

                  TABLE l                                                          ______________________________________                                         Analyte              Common substrate                                          ______________________________________                                         glucose   glucose oxidase                                                                               H.sub.2 0.sub.2 or FADH.sub.2                                   glucose dehydro-                                                               genase         NADH                                                            hexokinase/glucose-                                                            6-phosphate dehydro-                                                           genase         NADH                                                  cholesterol                                                                              cholesterol oxidase                                                                           H.sub.2 O.sub.2                                                 cholesterol dehydro-                                                           genase         NADH                                                  alcohol   alcohol oxidase                                                                               H.sub.2 O.sub.2                                                 alcohol dehydrogenase                                                                         NADH                                                  triglycerides                                                                            lipoprotein lipase                                                                            glycerol                                              α-amylase                                                                          α-amylase                                                                               glucose                                               ______________________________________                                    

Each independent catalytic system is capable of generating one or more changes in hue by reaction with the common substrate. Useful pairs of catalysts for reaction with a common substrate are shown in Table 2.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Common Substrate                                                                              Paired Catalysts                                                ______________________________________                                         NADH           diaphorase/disulphide reductase                                 glycerol       glycerolkinase/glycerol dehyro-                                                genase                                                          glucose        hexokinase/glucose dehydro-                                                    genase                                                          ______________________________________                                    

These systems are intended as examples only and are not to be interpreted as limiting in the invention. The components of these systems can be used to provide tests compositions which operate according to the present invention. In addition, with color retardant can be added to the test composition to delay the reaction of the common substrate with the independent catalytic systems. Compounds such as potassium ferricyanide, 1-N-ethyl-4-methylquinoline iodide and analogs thereof can act as color retardants in a system designed to react with NADH.

The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, has been found to be a particularly useful common substrate. This system will be discussed in detail to show the breadth of the invention. Although this specification refers exclusively to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD, and its reduced form, NADH; it is to be understood that the disclosure applies equally to the phosphorylated forms NAD(P) and NAD(P)H.

When the common substrate is NADH, the first catalytic system contains at least an oxidized first indicator component and a catalyst capable of facilitating the reaction between NADH and the oxidized first indicator component to generate a change in hue of the first indicator component. Catalytic systems useful for the common substrate NADH, based on diaphorase or catalysts having diaphorase like activity such as phenazine methosulphate and 1-methoxyphenazine methosulphate, are preferred for the first catalytic system.

The diaphorase system has been found to be useful because two oxidized indicators are readily available which exhibit distinct changes in hue. DCIP, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, is a blue compound which is reduced to a colorless form in the presence of diaphorase and NADH. INT, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride, is a colorless compound in the oxidized form which becomes red when reduced in the presence of diaphorase and NADH. The two changes in hue are sequential. Other indicators reactive with diaphorase and NADH can be used. For instance N-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-4-yl)-2-chloro-6-sulfo-4-iminobenzoquinone, referred to for convenience as TR-1, and p-nitroblue tetrazolium choride, referred to herein as NBT, can be substituted for DCIP and INT. Other indophenols and related substituted alkyl, nitro, halogen and pseudohalogen derivatives can be substituted for DCIP, as well as other indicators of similar reduction potential capable of being reduced in the presence of NADH. Other tetrazoliums can be used in place of INT. Many are known in the art and have been catalogued in reviews such as "An Introduction to the Use of Tetrazolium Salts in Quantitative Enzyme Chemistry", F. P. Altman, Koch-light Laboratories, Ltd., Colnbrook, England, 1972; and "The Chemistry of Formazans and Tetrazolium Salts", A. W. Nineham, Chem. Rev., 55:355 (1955).

A second parallel pathway is provided by the second independent catalytic system based on a disulfide reductase. The disulfide reductase system includes a disulfide substrate, a reductase and a thiol indicator which can be reduced in the presence of the product produced by the reaction of NADH and the disulfide substrate as catalyzed by the substrate specific reductase. A number of reductase systems are shown in Table 3 below.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         disulfide substrate                                                                            disulfide reductase                                            L--cystine      cystine reductase                                              oxidized glutathione                                                                           glutathione reductase                                          lipoamide       dihydrolipoamide                                                               reductase (referred to                                                         as lipoamide dehydro-                                                          genase herein)                                                 protein-disulphide                                                                             protein-disulphide                                                             reductase                                                      oxidized thioredoxin                                                                           thioredoxin reductase                                          CoAS--Sglutathione                                                                             CoAS--Sglutathione reductase                                   asparagusate    asparagusate reductase                                         ______________________________________                                    

The disulfide reductase system has three components: a disulfide substrate, a disulfide reductase capable of facilitating the reaction between the disulfide substrate and NADH, and a thiol indicator which can interact with the product of the reaction between the disulfide substrate and NADH to produce the second indicator. A preferred disulfide substrate is lipoamide and analogs thereof which can be used with lipoamide dehydrogenase. The disulfide reductase system has been found to be particularly useful for introducing yellow into the range of hues generated by the test composition.

The thiol indicator is any substance which will interact with a thiol (--SH compound) to give observable color. Preferred thiol indicators are colorless indicators which become yellow upon interaction. Commonly, the thiol indicator is an oxidized indicator which is reduced in the presence of the product of the reaction between the disulfide substrate and NADH to produce a reduced second indicator which can be, but need not be, yellow. However, other types of interaction which will produce color are also contemplated. For example, thiol indicators can be chelating agents such as nitroprusside, which would interact with the product of the disulfide substrate/NADH reaction to produce a red hue. A palladium complex can also be used to generate red. A yellow hue can be generated by interaction of the thiol indicator with the product of the disulfide substrate/NADH reaction by alkylation if the product is cysteine. Alternatively a cysteine product could be reacted with noradrenochrome to produce a yellow hue.

Another general type of thiol indicator is a chromophore of the desired hue, preferably yellow, immobilized behind an opaque barrier. On reaction with the product of the disulfide substrate/NADH reaction, the chromophore is released from its attachment and is free to diffuse through the opaque barrier to a position where it is visible to an observer.

Commonly, the thiol indicators which undergo reduction are disulfide compounds. Especially preferred are analogs of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) referred to herein as DTNB, whose structure is shown below: ##STR1## DTNB is commonly referred to as Ellman's Reagent. Changes at the carboxylic acid hydroxyl group have been found to be useful. Analogs of DTNB, which are defined herein to include positional isomers of DTNB, of the structure shown below are preferred: ##STR2## R can be many groups such as those providing an ester or amide linkage, e.g., ##STR3##

While water solubilizing groups such as those shown above are preferred in gelatin matrix formats, water insoluble analogs can be used in compartmentalized formats, which are described later in the specification.

A preferred water soluble analog compound is 3-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carboxamido-4-nitrophenyl disulfide, structure shown below, whose synthesis is detailed in the examples. ##STR4## The compound is referred to subsequently in the specification as 3-ND for convenience. This compound is colorless in the oxidized form and becomes yellow in the presence of lipoamide, NADH and lipoamide dehydrogenase.

Hues of particularly useful indicators are shown in Table 4 below.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                                      oxidized   reduced                                                ______________________________________                                         DCIP           blue         colorless                                          INT            colorless    red                                                TR-1           red          colorless                                          NBT            colorless    blue                                               DTNB           colorless    yellow                                             3-ND           colorless    yellow                                             EA1            colorless    yellow                                             ______________________________________                                    

It has been found that a color retardant can be added to the composition. The color retardant has essentially no affect on the hue visible to the user, but its inclusion can delay the catalytic affect of the independent systems, delaying the reduction of the oxidized indicators and therefore changing the final hue produced for a particular concentration of analyte. Useful color retardants include potassium ferricyanide and 1-N-ethyl-4-methylquinolinum iodide and analogs thereof or mixtures of these compounds, potassium ferricyanide being preferred. Color retardants effectively change the measurement range of the composition.

Other components such as buffers, surfactants and polymers can be added to the composition. The pH is generally chosen to give good performance and stability to the reagents and is controlled by use of buffers. The use of buffers is preferred since the enzymes function better within the pH range of about 6.0 to 8. Choice of a buffer is within the skill of the art. Useful buffers include, but are not limited to, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazino-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 2-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino ethanesulfonic acid (TES), 2-[N-morpholino]-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and [3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid] (MOPS). Surfactants and polymers can be particularly useful in formulations containing a cationic tetrazolium salt as an oxidized indicator since surfactants such as polyoxyethylene ether, available under the trademark TRITON® X-100 from Sigma Chemical Co., and polymers such as polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, available as PVP K30 from Aldrich Chemical Co., appear to help solubilize the cationic indicator and prevent interaction with the other indicators in the test composition. Surfactants also improve wettability of the device in a dry phase formulation. Enzyme stabilizers such as bovine serum albumin, can also be added.

Test compositions of this invention can be used by dissolving the composition in a solution or they can be incorporated into a carrier matrix and affixed to a support member such as a polyester strip to provide dry reagent strips which are well known in diagnostics. These strips provide a format which is convenient to carry and store and which is particularly useful to home users such a diabetics. Preferred compositions of this invention generate a final hue, which can be associated with a particular analyte concentration, in less than about ten minutes.

The carrier matrix employed can be any of several known in the industry, as long as the matrix can be incorporated with the composition and it does not interfere with the reactions required for the production of color. These include paper and films such as those made from natural polymers, latexes, polyurethanes, silicones or combinations of these.

In order to obtain the clearest colors possible, a clear carrier matrix is preferred. Since common analytes for this invention are water soluble compounds such as those found in body fluids, carrier matrices which can contain water, such as hydrophilic carriers, are preferred. Suitable hydrophilic carriers include agarose, gelatin, poly(vinyl)alcohol, poly(propylimine), carrageenan and alginic acid. Other carriers could be used. Mixed multilayer carriers composed of an absorbent opaque matrix, such as paper, and a hydrophilic (e.g., gelatin) carrier layer can be advantageously used when the test components are compartmentalized.

In a preferred embodiment, a solution of 1.25% carbodiimide was used to crosslink a multilayer gelatin carrier matrix. This provides a format suitable for a whole blood glucose test which allows the blood sample to be removed from the test device by wiping the surface. Other coating materials, well known in the art, can be used to allow the device to be washed or wiped to remove a colored sample if necessary.

The hydrophilic carrier layer or layers are coated onto a rigid backing or support member such as polystyrene, polyester and the like. The backing can be opaque or transparent, although an opaque white backing is commonly preferred for visually read tests.

The number and types of components, which can be used in the independent catalytic systems described previously, is increased by the use of compartmentalization of possibly incompatible components in a test device format. Compartmentalization can take on many forms. Components can be separated by placing some in a separate layer, by solubilizing within one phase of an emulsion, by precipitation, by encapsulation and so forth. Some of the available methods are described in detail in the Examples.

A multilayer gelatin carrier was preferred for compartmentalization. INT could be placed in one layer away from the other indicator components. It was also found that the position of the components in various layers could change the hue visible to the user at a particular analyte concentration and therefore afforded another means of controlling the hue generated. The apparent hue of the device can be changed by changing the order or thickness of layering.

A particular example showing the affect of compartmentalization of components in different layers on the hue visible to the user will now be described in detail.

A RAINBOW test device for the determination of glucose can be prepared with the following independent catalytic reactions:

    ______________________________________                                         NADH generating system:                                                        glucose (analyte)                                                              glucose dehydrogenase (enzyme)                                                 NAD (additional component)                                                     first independent catalytic system                                             diaphorase (catalyst)                                                          DCIP (oxidized first indicator, blue)                                          INT (oxidized third indicator, colorless)                                      ______________________________________                                    

DCIP was reduced by NADH first. Therefore the first independent catalytic system produces a blue to colorless then a colorless to red change in the hue visible to the user.

    ______________________________________                                         Second independent catalytic system:                                           lipoamide (disulfide substrate)                                                lipoamide dehydrogenase (disulfide reductase)                                  DTNB (thiol indicator, oxidized second                                         indicator, colorless)                                                          ______________________________________                                    

Compartmentalization of the oxidized indicators, e.g., placing the indicators in different gelatin layers, can effectively change the hue seen at different glucose concentrations even though the concentrations of test components are the same. As an example, three films were made with the indicators arranged in different layers, but keeping the concentrations of the components of the total test composition the same. ##STR5##

In gelatin, certain water soluble molecules, such as DNTB, are capable of diffusing through the gelatin after contact with an aqueous sample, while others such as INT do not readily migrate.

In Film A, glucose reacts with the enzymes. Then the NADH produced reacts with the DCIP and DTNB. However, reduction of INT is delayed until the NADH can diffuse into the lower layer of the film. At 250 mg/dL glucose, Film A is yellow orange.

In Film B, the glucose must diffuse through the INT layer before reaching the enzymes to react and produce NADH. With the production of NADH, the DCIP will be reduced but the reduction of INT is delayed since the NADH must diffuse back up onto the top layer before the INT can be reduced. Therefore, at 250 mg/dL glucose, Film B is yellow-green. The compartmentalization of INT above the enzymes and other indicator components has changed the color observed at this particular concentration of glucose.

In Film C, the glucose reacts with the enzymes in the top layer. As the NADH migrates through the INT layer, a small amount of INT reduced causing a slight red color. As the NADH migrates through to the bottom layer, the DCIP and the DTNB are reduced. Finally, since not all the NADH has reacted due to the concentration of components chosen, the NADH will react with the INT. At 250 mg/dL glucose, Film C is a reddish orange.

The ultimate goal of the invention was to generate distinctly different hues at different analyte concentrations. It has been shown that this goal can be achieved with test compositions of this invention with a variety of methods as summarized below.

(1) Choose oxidized indicators which will generate the desired hue or turn colorless upon reduction.

(2) Choose indicators for reaction in a particular catalytic system which have differing reduction potentials which will control the sequence of reactions in that system.

(3) Control the quantities of components in the independent catalytic systems so the components involved in one reaction sequence are essentially exhausted at chosen analyte concentrations.

(4) Increase (or decrease) the amount of catalyst in a system. This will increase (or decrease) the rate of interaction or reduction of the indicator components by that system and therefore change the apparent hue at a particular analyte concentration.

(5) Compartmentalize the components of the reaction system in a test device. The advantages of compartmentalization can include the ability to: change the apparent final hue of the device even when component concentrations are the same; utilize incompatible indicators or water insoluble indicators; and utilize enzyme systems normally inhibited by thiol indicators.

(6) Add a color retardant which will delay the reactions of the independent catalytic systems.

The methods suggested above can be combined.

The invention will now be illustrated, but is not intended to be limited, by the following examples:

    ______________________________________                                         VI. Examples                                                                   Abbreviations                                                                  ______________________________________                                         MPMS          1-methoxyphenazine                                                             methosulphate                                                    PMS           phenazine methosulphate                                          DCIP          2,6-dichloroindophenol                                           TR-1          N--(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-l-                                                      phenyl-3-pyrazolin-4-                                                          yl)-2-chloro-6-sulfo-                                                          4-iminobenzoquinone                                                            (for preparation see                                                           Example 4A)                                                      INT           2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitro-                                                   phenyl)-5-phenyltetra-                                                         zolium chloride                                                  NBT           ρ-nitroblue tetrazolium                                                    chloride                                                         DTNB          5,5-dithiobis(2-nitro-                                                         benzoic acid)                                                    3-ND          3-N--(3-dimethylamino                                                          propyl) carboxamido-                                                           4-nitrophenyl di-                                                              sulfide (for prepara-                                                          tion see Example 4B)                                             EA1           Dibutyl-5,5'-dithiobis-                                                        (2-nitrobenzoate acid)                                                         (for preparation see                                                           Example 4C)                                                      ATP           adenosine triphosphate                                           NAD.sup.+     Nicotinamide-adenine                                                           dinucleotide,                                                                  lithium salt                                                     NADH          reduced nicotinamide                                                           adenine dinucleotide                                             HEPES         buffer, N--2-hydroxyethyl                                                      piperazine-N'-2-ethane                                                         sulfonic acid                                                    MES           buffer, 2-(N--morpholino)-                                                     ethanesulfonic acid                                              BES           buffer, N,N--bis(2-hydroxy-                                                    ethyl)-2-aminoethane-                                                          sulfonic acid                                                    TAPSO         buffer, 3-(N--tris(hydroxy-                                                    methyl)-methylamino)-                                                          2-hydroxypropane-                                                              sulfonic acid                                                    TRIS          buffer, tris(hydroxymethyl)-                                                   aminomethane                                                     Triton ® X-l00                                                                           surfactant, polyoxyethyl-                                                      ene ether available                                                            from Sigma Chemical                                                            Co.                                                              GDH           glucose dehydrogenase                                                          (EC 1.1.147) capable                                                           of producing NADH                                                LipDH         lipoamide dehydrogenase                                          LDH           lactate dehydrogenase                                            U             International Units, a                                                         measure of enzyme                                                              activity (one U is                                                             the enzyme activity                                                            required to catalyze                                                           the conversion of one                                                          micromole of sub-                                                              strate per minute                                                              under specified condi-                                                         tions of temperature                                                           and pH                                                           PET           polyethylene terephthalate                                       FMN           flavin mononucleotide                                            PE 310        polyethylene coated paper                                        BSA           Bovine Serum Albumin                                             PVP K30       polyvinylpyrrolidone,                                                          molecular weight                                                               40,000, available                                                              from Aldrich                                                                   Chemical Co.                                                     dL            deciliters                                                       mL            milliliters                                                      μL         microliters                                                      g             grams                                                            mm Hg         millimeters of mercury,                                                        pressure designation                                             mp            melting point                                                    μ          microns                                                          RT            room temperature, usually 25° C.                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 1

Varying enzyme concentration: NADH as a Common Substrate

The following example was designed to show how the final hue produced can be controlled by changing the concentrations of the enzymes. NADH was generated from the analyte glucose by a common substrate generating system composed of glucose dehydrogenase and NAD⁺. Two independent catalytic systems react with NADH:

Pathway 1: Diaphorase/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: LipDH/lipoamide/3-ND

Pathway 1 contains DCIP and INT which change hue from blue to colorless and colorless to red, respectively, in that order. Pathway 2 produces a yellow hue. The whole system provides the blue, green, yellow, orange, red spectrum of the RAINBOW; but the final hue produced for a particular concentration of glucose can be varied if the concentration of enzymes used is changed.

    ______________________________________                                                        Quantity (g)                                                    Layer Components     A       B     C     D                                     ______________________________________                                         1     Gelatin        1.13    1.13  1.13  1.13                                        Water          6.78    6.78  6.78  6.78                                        PVP K30 (20%)  1.69    1.69  1.69  1.69                                        Triton  ® X-100 (4%)                                                                      .40     .40   .40   .40                                         INT            .064    .064  .064  .064                                  2     Gelatin        1.13    1.13  1.13  1.13                                        Hepes buffer,  5.92    5.92  5.92  5.92                                        1 M pH 7.5                                                                     Water          1.86    1.86  1.86  1.86                                        PVP K30 (20%)  1.69    1.69  1.69  1.69                                        Triton  ® X-100 (4%)                                                                      .40     .40   .40   .40                                         3-ND (40 mM)   2.5 mL  2.5 mL                                                                               2.5 mL                                                                               2.5 mL                                      DCIP           0.0147  0.0147                                                                               0.0147                                                                               0.0147                                      GDH            .060    .060  .060  .060                                        NAD+           .060    .060  .060  .060                                        Diaphorase     .010    .010  .010  .025                                        (118 U/mg)                                                                     Lipoamide      .030    .030  .030  .030                                        BSA            .040    .040  .040  .040                                        Mutarotase     100 μL                                                                              100 μL                                                                            100 μL                                                                            100 μL                                   (5060 V/mL)                                                                    LipDH (1350 U/mL)                                                                             50 μL                                                                               200 μL                                                                            800 μL                                                                            200 μL                             3     Carbodiimide   1.25%   1.25% 1.25% 1.25%                                 ______________________________________                                    

The test devices were prepared and tested as described in example 7A. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________                                         Glu-                                                                           cose                                                                           mg/                                                                            dL   A          B          C        D                                          ______________________________________                                          0   medium blue                                                                               medium blue                                                                               medium blue                                                                             dark blue                                   20  medium blue                                                                               light blue medium blue                                                                             dark blue                                   40  medium blue                                                                               light blue light blue                                                                              dark blue                                   70  light blue aqua       aqua     medium blue                                110  aqua       light green                                                                               light green                                                                             aqua                                       140  light aqua light green                                                                               yellow beige                                                                            light aqua                                 180  peach beige                                                                               light yellow-                                                                             yellow gold                                                                             greyish                                                    peach               green blue                                 250  light rust dirty gold orange gold                                                                             dark peach                                 400  rust orange                                                                               rust orange                                                                               orange   burnt orange                               800  dark rust  dark red   dark rust                                                                               deep red                                        orange     rust       orange                                              ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2:

Determination of Starch: glucose as a common substrate

A determination of starch can be made using the present invention to provide a visual endpoint of a different hue for different concentrations. Starch can be treated with amylase to generate glucose which is used as a common substrate for two independent catalytic reactions using hexokinase and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) as enzyme catalysts. The overall reaction can be shown schematically as follows: ##STR6## The specific independent reactions are: ##STR7## A reaction mixture was prepared by combining 0.1 mM NAD, 0.025 mM MPMS, 0.5 mM p-nitroblue tetrazolium, 0.2% Triton® X-100, 10 mM ATP, 1 mM magnesium nitrate and 0.15 phenol red, and 10.1 mM TRIS buffer. The pH of the reagent mixture was adjusted to approximately 8.5 with ammonium hydroxide. The enzymes hexokinase (2.9 U/mL) and glucose dehydrogenase (9.9 U/mL) were added.

The pH indicator changes from red to faint yellow with decreasing pH; p-nitroblue tetrazolium changes from colorless to blue on reduction with NADH.

Aliquots of the solution were treated with glucose, allowed to react 5 minutes and the hue observed. The hues obtained with different levels of glucose (which can be related to the concentration of starch) were as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         glucose mg/dL        hue                                                       ______________________________________                                         0                    mauve/red                                                 72                   pink                                                      l44                  yellow                                                    288                  brown                                                     432                  darker brown                                              576                  mauve                                                     ______________________________________                                    

The red to yellow hues corresponded to the phenol red transition expected from the hexokinase reaction and the formation of blue (resulting in the brown to mauve) corresponded to the reduction of p-nitroblue tetrazolium by the glucose dehydrogenase pathway. The results show distinct hues which can be associated with the concentration of glucose, which can be related to the concentration of starch in a sample.

EXAMPLE 3

Glycerol as a common substrate

Another common substrate, glycerol, can be produced in the assay of triglycerides. ##STR8## The method is analogous to that of Example 2, where a kinase and a dehydrogenase were used. Glycerol kinase and glycerol dehydrogenase work at higher pH, so the buffer used was changed to BES. The redox indicator used was DCIP (blue to colorless) and the pH indicator was phenol red (red to yellow).

A solution having the following composition was prepared:

    __________________________________________________________________________                                   phenol                                           Reagent                                                                              NAD Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2                                                                   ATP                                                                               Buffer                                                                             Triton X-100                                                                          red DCIP                                         __________________________________________________________________________     final                                                                          conc. (mM)                                                                           0.10                                                                               1.0   1.0                                                                               5   0.1%   0.15                                                                               0.15                                         __________________________________________________________________________

The enzymes glycerol kinase (60 U/mL from E. coli, Sigma G 4509) and glycerol dehydrogenase (5.3 U/mL from cellulomonas, Sigma G 3512) were added.

The response of these solutions to glycerol at various times is shown below:

    __________________________________________________________________________     glycerol                                                                       conc. (mM)                                                                           Hue                                                                      time (min.)                                                                          0    3      6      12    18                                              __________________________________________________________________________     1     mauve                                                                               blue   blue   blue  blue                                            5     mauve                                                                               blue   green  dark green                                                                           dark green                                      10    mauve                                                                               blue   blue/green                                                                            light green                                                                          light green                                     15    mauve                                                                               mauve/blue                                                                            blue   green yellow/green                                    20    mauve                                                                               mauve/blue                                                                            blue/green                                                                            lime green                                                                           yellow                                          __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 4:

Preparation of Compounds

A. N-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-4-yl)-2-chloro-6-sulfo-4-iminobenzoquinone (TR-1)

TR-1 is an indicator which is red in the oxidized form and is colorless upon reduction. It has a reduction potential similar to DCIP and has a been used to produce a "reverse" RAINBOW. TR-1 was prepared as follows:

Ammonium hydroxide (1N, 10 mL) was added to a mixture of 0.4 g (1.9 mmol) of 4-aminoantipyrine, and 0.5 g (1.7 mmol) 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorobenzene sulfonic acid disodium salt in 50 mL of water. After stirring briefly, 1.3 g (3.8 mmol) of potassium ferricyanide (K₃ Fe(CN)₆) was added and the reaction allowed to stir at room temperature for one hour. The mixture was filtered to yield 0.2 g (21%) of a dark brown solid. The product was homogeneous on thin layer chromatography (silica gel, with 4:1 chloroform/methanol) and apparently was a mixture of alkali and ammonium salts.

Analysis: Calculated for C₁₇ H₁₀ ClN₃ 0₅ Na: C, 47.54; H, 3.04; N, 9.72. Found: C, 46.10; H, 3.61; N, 11.00

¹ H NMR (D₆ DMSO) δ: 7.80-7.20 (m, 7H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H),

IR (KCl): 1660, 1630, 1400 cm⁻¹.

B. 3-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carboxamido-4-nitrophenyl Disulfide (3-ND)

A water soluble analog of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was prepared for use as a thiol indicator. This is a preferred indicator for use with the disulfide reductase system which is colorless in the oxidized form and becomes yellow on reduction. The compound, 3-ND, was prepared as follows:

A suspension containing 7.93 g of 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl disulfide (20 mmol), 1.2 mL of dry N,N-dimethylformamide (1.55 mmol), 11.7 mL of thionyl chloride (60.3 mmol) and 400 mL of dichloromethane (CH₂ Cl₂) was refluxed for four hours and then was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. The resulting clear solution was evaporated in vacuo (12 mm followed by 0.1 mm Hg) to a yellow solid. The residue was then placed under an argon atmosphere, dissolved in 200 mL of CH₂ Cl₂, cooled to 0°, and then treated with 10.1 mL of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (80 mmol). The reaction mixture became a dark orange and a precipitate was formed. The resulting solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over-night. The reaction mixture was then successively extracted four times with 200 mL portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, twice with 200 mL of water, and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 9.39 g of a dark orange oil. The mixture was then flash chromatographed on 500 g of SiO₂ --60 (70-230 mesh, available as Silica gel-60 from Merck & Co. (equilibrated and eluted with 50:10:1 dichloromethane/methanol/concentrated ammonium hydroxide solvent mixture. Fractions 110 to 205 containing the purified product were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.06 g of an orange solid. The crude product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate using a treatment with pulverized carbon black, such as norite, and a diatomaceous earth, a filtering aid available from Manville Products Corp., Denver, Colo., under the trademark Celite®. Obtained was 5.47 g of light yellow crystals after drying at 55°, 0.1 mm. Yield=48.4%. mp 152°-156°.

Analysis: Calculated for C₂₄ H₃₂ N₆ O₆ S₂ : C, 51.05; H, 5.71; N, 14.88.

Found: C, 51.05; H, 5.56; N, 14.62.

PMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.73 (quintet, J=6 Hz, 4H); 2.17 (s, 12H); 2.45 (t, J=6 Hz, 4H); 3.53 (q, J=6 Hz, 4H); 7.57 (s, 2H); 7.65 (dd, J=7 Hz, 2 Hz, 2H); 8.02 (m, 2H, N-H); 8.03 (d, J-7 Hz, 2H).

IR(KBr) cm⁻¹ : 3260, 3060, 2940, 2870, 2820, 2790, 1650, 1560, 1530, 1470, 1345.

Mass Spectrum (FAB) m/e: 565 (M+1, 13.6%).

C. Dibutyl-5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (EA1)

This compound, which is referred to herein as EA1, is a lipophilic analog of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). It was prepared for use as a thiol indicator as follows:

A suspension containing 6.85 g (17.25 mmol) of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 3.46 mL of thionyl chloride, 0.346 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide, and 350 mL of dichloromethane were heated to reflux for 3 hours. Additional thionyl chloride (3.46 mL) and N,N'-dimethylformamide were added and refluxing was continued for 2 hours. A clear, light green solution were obtained, indicating complete conversion to the bis-acid chloride. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting light-green solid was placed under an Argon atmosphere. The residue was then suspended in 100 mL of pyridine and treated with 20 mL of n-butanol. A mild exotherm and a darkened but homogeneous reaction was obtained, which was allowed to stir overnight. The reaction solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 300 mL of chloroform. The organic layer was then successively extracted thrice with 200 mL of 0.1N HCl, twice with 200 mL of 5% Na HCO₃ solution, and with 200 mL of brine. Drying (MgSO₄), filtration, and removal of solvent gave 12.79 g of an oil which was dissolved in ethyl acetate and adsorbed in vacuo onto a small amount of SiO₂ --60. The impregnated solid was then placed atop a column of 500 g of SiO₂ --60 (230-400 mesh) which had been packed and equilibrated with 8:1 hexane-ethyl acetate. The column was then flash chromatographed using this solvent mixture with fractions of 25 mL collected. Fractions 190-270 were pooled and concentrated to give 8.07 g of product of as an oil which solidified upon standing (92% yield).

Analysis: Calculated for: C, 51.96; H, 4.76; N, 5.08.

Found: C, 52.49; H, 4.88; N, 5.45.

PMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.97 (t, J=7 Hz, 6H, CH₃ --CH₂); 1.2-1.9 (m, 8H, --CH₂ --CH₂ --); 4.37 (t, J=6 Hz, 4H, --O--CH₂ --CH₂ --) 7.77 (s, 2H, C₆ H); 7.83 (AB quartet, J=8 Hz, 4H, C₃ H, C₄ H).

IR (KBr) cm⁻¹ : 1730 ##STR9##

Mass Spectrum: E.I. (70 EV) m/e=508 (37%, M⁺).

D. Dimethyl-5,5',-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate)

This compound is a lipophilic analog of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), which was prepared for use as a thiol indicator as follows:

A suspension containing 7.93 g (20 mmol) of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 1.2 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide, 11.7 mL of thionyl chloride, and 400 mL of dichloromethane were refluxed for 4 hours until a clear light green solution was obtained. The solvents were then evaporated in vacuo to obtain a yellow solid which was then placed under an Argon atmosphere, dissolved in 200 mL of dichloromethane, and cooled to 0°. The stirred mixture was then treated with 4.03 mL of dry pyridine (50 mmol) and 30 mL of methanol. The resulting mixture was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then successively extracted thrice with 300 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ solution, thrice with 300 mL of 1M citric acid, and 300 mL of brine. Drying (MgSO₄), filtration and removal of solvents gave 8.29 of a yellow solid which was recrystallized in two crops from toluene as a light yellow solid in 92 % yield. mp 103°-104.5°.

Analysis: Calculated for: C, 45.28; H, 2.86; N, 6.60.

Found: C, 45.74; H, 3.01; N, 6.25.

PMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 3.93 (s, 6H, ##STR10## 7.8 (s, 2H, C₆ H); 7.83 (AB quartet, J=8 Hz, 4H, C₃ H, C₄ H).

IR (KRr) cm⁻¹ : 1740 ##STR11##

Mass Spectrum: EI (70 EV) m/e: 424.3 (M⁺, 67.7%).

E. 3,6-Dioxaoctyl-5,5'-Dithio-(2-nitrobenzoate)

This compound is a water soluble analog of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). It was prepared for use as a thiol indicator as follows:

A suspension containing 7.93 g (10 mmol) of 5,5'-dithio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 1.17 g of N,N-dimethylformamide, 11.7 mL of thionyl chloride, and 400 mL of dichloromethane was heated to reflux with stirring for 2 hours to obtain a clear solution. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give a light green solid which was placed under Argon, cooled to 0°, and suspended with stirring in 120 mL of dry pyridine. Carbitol® (20 mL) was then added and the resulting mixture became an orangish-red homogeneous solution after 1 hour reaction time (Carbitol® is a registered trademark of Dow Chemical Co. and is chemically named 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol). The mixture was then allowed to come to ambient temperature overnight. The sample was then evaporated in vacuo to a dark oil and flash chromatographed on 500 g of SiO₂ --60 (230-400 mesh) packed and eluted with a 0.5% methanol-chloroform solvent mixture. Fractions of 25 mL were collected. Fractions 150-186 were pooled and concentrated to give 7.86 g of a yellow oil. The sample was then dissolved in ether, treated with 4 g of Norit, filtered through Celite, and precipitated as a dense yellow oil with hexane. The solvents were then decanted and the residual solvents were removed in vacuo at 40° (0.1 mm) for 1 hour to give 5.48 g of a viscous, yellow oil (44% yield).

Analysis: Calculated for: C, 49.67; H, 5.13; N, 4.46.

Found: C, 49.41; H, 5.09; N, 4.37.

PMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.2 (t, J=7 Hz, 6H, CH₃ --CH₂ --O--); 3.5 (q, J=7 Hz, 4H, CH₃ --CH₂ --O--); 3.6 (s, 8H, --CH₂ --CH₂ --O--); 3.8 ##STR12## 4.55 ##STR13## 7.8 (s, 2H, C₆ H); 7.82 (AB quartet, J=8 Hz, 4H, C₃ H, C₄ H).

IR (CHCl₃) cm⁻¹ : 1740 ##STR14##

F. 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxadodecyl 5,5'-Dithio-(2-Nitrobenzoate) and 1,12-Cyclic Diester

Both of these compound are water soluble analogs of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). They were prepared for use as thiol indicators as follows:

A suspension containing 7.93 g (20 mmol) of 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 11.7 mL of thionyl chloride, and 1.2 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide was heated to reflux for 2 hours to obtain a clear yellow solution. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give a light green solid, which was dissolved in a mixture of 50 mL of dichloromethane and 5 mL of pyridine. This solution was then added slowly to a 0° solution of 34.5 mL (38.8 g, 200 mmol) of tetraethylene glycol in 100 mL of dichloromethane under an Argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to come to ambient temperature overnight. Evaporation of solvents in vacuo gave a brown oil which was partitioned between chloroform and water. The aqueous layer was extracted again with chloroform and the combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried (Na₂ SO₄). Filtration and evaporation of solvent in vacuo gave an orange oil which was flash chromatographed on 500 g of SiO₂ --60 (230-400 mesh) packed and eluted with a 5% methanol-chloroform solvent mixture. Fractions of 25 mL were collected. Fractions 24-38 were pooled and concentrated to give 2.21 g of a yellow glass. This identified as the 1,12-cyclic-3,6,9,12-tetraoxaundecyl ester of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The yield of cyclic ester was 20%.

¹³ C NMR (22.5 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 66.8, 68.3, 70.4 (all --O--CH₂ --CH₂ --O--); 128.8, 142.4, 146.3 (aryl C); 164.3 ##STR15##

IR (CHCl₃) cm⁻¹ : 1730 cm⁻¹ ##STR16##

Fractions 91-101 were pooled and concentrated to give 3.94 g of the expected 3,6,9,12-tetraoxadodecyl diester. (26% yield).

¹³ C NMR (22.5 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 61.6, 65.6, 68.3, 70.2, 70.5, 72.4 (all --O--CH₂ --CH₂ --O--); 129.9, 142.4, 146.5 (aryl C); 164.5 ##STR17##

PMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃): integration ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons=5.6.

IR (CHCl₃) cm⁻¹ : 3600-3350 (--CH₂ --OH stretch): 1730 ##STR18##

EXAMPLE 5

NADH Generating Systems Containing Enzymes Sensitive to Thiol Reagents

A general problem with a thiol detection reagent system, preferred for use with NADH as a common substrate, is that thiol indicators can react with protein systems, frequently leading to inactivation of enzyme. Many such enzyme inhibitions by DTNB are described in the literature. There are two general solutions, both involving compartmentalizing the thiol reagent: (1) sequester the thiol indicator in an organic phase or as insoluble particles; (2) physically separate the sensitive enzyme and the thiol reagent by immobilizing the latter.

A. Approach (1)-Sequestering the Reagent.

A water insoluble analog of DTNB, EA1 was used (for preparation see example 4C).

There are two approaches to sequestering the reagent: (a) EA1 was dissolved in an oil and dispersed as an emulsion in a gelatin film.

Organic Phase: EA1 (300 mM) was dissolved in tricresyl phosphate with trioctylamine (1%).

    ______________________________________                                         Aqueous Phase   Final Concentration                                            ______________________________________                                         Gelatin         10%                                                            Potassium Phosphate,                                                                           50 mM                                                          pH 7.5                                                                         DCIP            1.5 mM                                                         ______________________________________                                    

The oil phase was emulsified with the aqueous phase in a Waring Blender to a final concentration of 5%. Lipoamide dehydrogenase (Sigma type III, 13.3 U/mL) was added to the emulsion. The emulsion was coated on a plastic support (170 μ) and dried at room temperature.

Treatment of the dried film with NADH/Lipoamide (approximately 1 mM) at pH 8.5 (tris buffer) produced a very rapid bleaching of the blue hue of DCIP and formation of yellow by the EA1 reagent. Without NADH, there was no reaction.

The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which is inhibited by DTNB, was tested with this film. LDH, approximately 150 U/mL, and lipoamide (approximately 1 mM) in about 250 mM lactate, pH 8.5, produced a yellow hue in about 10 minutes. The blank, without LDH, was uncolored. The conclusion is that the use of an oil soluble thiol indicator, if compartmentalized in an oil emulsion, permits the use of enzymes which are commonly believed to be sensitive to thiol reagents.

b. EA1 deposited directly into paper.

EA1 was dissolved in toluene to a concentration of 5.7 mM. Whatman 31 ET paper was impregnated with this solution and dried at 50°. A second solution was prepared of the following constituents:

    ______________________________________                                                         Final                                                                          Concentration                                                  ______________________________________                                         Triton ® X-l00                                                                               0.1%                                                         (tris).sub.2 sulphate pH 8.5                                                                     0.2 M                                                        PVA (98.5% hydrolysed)                                                                           0.62%                                                        MPMS              0.25 μM                                                   Lipoamide         0.25 mM                                                      LipDH             30 U/mL                                                      NAD               0.5 mM                                                       DCIP              0.8 mM                                                       ______________________________________                                    

(Tris)₂ sulphate is tris buffer adjusted to the desired pH with sulfuric acid.

The dried paper was dipped into the second solution and dried again at 50° C. and affixed to a plastic support.

Test solutions for LDH contained L-lactate (167 mM), (tris)₂ sulphate, pH 8.5, (0.33M) and LDH enzyme (rabbit muscle, Sigma type II), as shown in the following table with the test results.

    ______________________________________                                         LDH Concentration (μ/mL)                                                    Time                                                                           (minutes)                                                                             0        0.333    0.666  1.667   3.333                                  ______________________________________                                         3      dark blue                                                                               mid-blue pale blue                                                                             blue/green                                                                             mustard                                4      dark blue                                                                               mid-blue very pale                                                                             bluish  yellow                                                          blue   yellow                                         ______________________________________                                    

Very good color discrimination is seen between the various levels of LDH.

Test Solution for alcohol detection

The ability of this compartmentalized film format to handle assays requiring the use of an enzyme which is sensitive to thiol reagents was further tested using alcohol dehydrogenase.

Test solutions were prepared which contained various concentrations of ethanol, (tris)₂ sulphate buffer, 0.5M, pH 8.5, and alcohol dehydrogenase (from Baker's yeast, Sigma Catalog #A7011, 22.5 U/mL).

The test strips prepared as described above were used. The results are shown in the following table.

    __________________________________________________________________________     Ethanol Concentration (mg/dL)                                                  Time                                                                           (minutes)                                                                            0    1.84 3.22   4.6  6.9   11.5                                         __________________________________________________________________________     3     dark blue                                                                           less blue                                                                           medium blue                                                                           pale blue                                                                           blue/green                                                                           mustard                                      4     dark blue                                                                           less blue                                                                           medium blue                                                                           pale blue                                                                           mustard                                                                              yellow                                       __________________________________________________________________________

Very good discrimination was seen between levels of alcohol.

From these experiments it was concluded that the RAINBOW system utilizing a thiol detection reagent can be used with thiol reagent sensitive enzymes.

B. Approach 2: Physical separation of thiol reagent sensitive enzyme and thiol reagent by immobilizing the latter.

DTNB can be covalently bound to a large molecule or can be physically trapped in a matrix, such as gelatin, which only allows penetration of small molecules. Therefore direct interaction between the enzyme and thiol reagent would not be expected.

Preparation of immobilized DTNB

DTNB was linked to human serum albumin through the carboxyl function using a water soluble carbodiimide reagent as shown below.

A 30% human serum albumin solution was made 0.2M in sodium phosphate and the pH adjusted to 4.57. It was then diluted to 4.8% albumin. DTNB (10.7 mM) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 10.7 mM) were dissolved in a small amount of ethanol and added, with vigorous stirring, to the albumin solution maintained at 0° C. After 2 to 3 hours, the lightly gelled material was transferred to dialysis tubing and dialysed extensively against water. Then it was lyophilized.

The crusty yellow solid was pulverized to a fine powder and dispersed in 10% gelatin to a concentration of 1%. A coating was made, and dried at room temperature.

The film was evaluated with the following test mixture:

    ______________________________________                                                       Final                                                                          Concentration                                                    ______________________________________                                         lithium lactate 250 mM                                                         potassium phosphate                                                                            250 mM                                                         buffer, pH 7.5                                                                 glutathione     0.5 mM                                                         glutathione reductase                                                                          9 U/mL                                                         NAD             0.2 mM                                                         LDH             5 U/mL                                                         ______________________________________                                    

When contacted with this solution, the film produced a clear yellow color within one minute. A control solution, without LDH, produced no color.

The conclusion is that immobilizing the thiol reagent allows assay with thiol reagent sensitive enzymes.

The overall conclusion is that although many enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase and cholesterol dehydrogenase are inhibited by DTNB according to the literature, there are many ways of avoiding this inhibition. Consequently a second catalytic system which involves thiol indicators is generally applicable to assay of NADH as an intermediate and could be used to determine alcohol or cholesterol as analytes.

EXAMPLE 6

Diffusible/Nondiffusible Dye Reaction

another approach to generating a RAINBOW is where the hue of the test composition is made to visible to the user as a result of diffusion. For instance, if a indicator is unable to diffuse due to being covalently linked to a matrix, and this matrix is covered with an opaque layer, then the indicator will be invisible from the top. If, as a result of a reaction, the covalent linkage of the indicator to the matrix is severed, then the indicator can diffuse up through the opaque covering and become visible.

As an example, a film was prepared as described in Example 5B, where DTNB was covalently bound to albumin and was then incorporated into a gelatin matrix. Whatman 31 ET was impregnated with a solution containing:

    ______________________________________                                                        Final                                                                          Concentration                                                   ______________________________________                                         potassium phosphate,                                                                            160 mM                                                        pH 7.5                                                                         glutathione      0.4 mM                                                        gluthathione reductase                                                                          36 U/mL                                                       ______________________________________                                    

The impregnated paper was dried at 50° C. Pieces of the dried paper were cut and laid on the gelatin film. The paper was quite opaque. An NADH solution was added to the multilayer device prepared in this way and water to another device to be used as a control. Within approximately 20 seconds, the device contacted with NADH began to turn yellow and rapidly developed to a deep yellow. The control pad had no color.

An LDH assay was made with the following solution:

    ______________________________________                                                        Final                                                                          Concentration                                                   ______________________________________                                         potassium phosphate,                                                                            250 mM                                                        pH 7.5                                                                         lithium lactate  250 mM                                                        NAD              0.2 mM                                                        ______________________________________                                    

LDH (about 5 U/mL) was added to this solution and 30 μL of the solution was added to one of the multilayer paper/gelatin device described above.

After about 51/2 minutes, the LDH pad showed a faint but definite yellow color. The control, without LDH, had no color.

The conclusion is that indicators can indeed be made diffusible as a function of analyte concentration.

In this approach, the indicator molecule is a combination of a hue determining (chromophoric) part and reactive (cleavable) part. These can be electronicallly isolated such that cleavage of the anchoring linkage does not significantly change the hue of the indicator. The amount, or intensity, of the indicator can be controlled by the activity of the catalytic system involved in the reductive cleavage and the hue which is generated is determined independently by the chromophoric part of the molecule. This is a considerable advantage as it can be difficult to find indicators with a suitable combination of hue and respectively to generate the desired final hue.

Other matrices to which a thiol indicator could be immobilized by oxidation are: thiolagarose or any protein using a bifunctional reagent, e.g. Lomant's reagent, dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate).

EXAMPLE 7:

glucose formulations

Glucose test devices useful for testing whole blood can be prepared as follows. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was the common substrate and was generated from glucose by glucose dehydrogenase. The general chemistry for RAINBOW glucose formulations is shown schematically following Example 7A. The thiol indicator, DTNB, is commonly called Ellman's Reagent.

    ______________________________________                                         A. Pathway 1: Diaphorase/NBT/TR-1:                                             Pathway 2: Lipoamide dehydro-                                                  genase/lipoamide/DTNB                                                          Layer      Component      Quantity (g)                                         ______________________________________                                         1          Gelatin        1.13                                                            Water          6.78                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            NBT            0.064                                                2          Gelatin        1.13                                                            HEPES Buffer,                                                                  (1 M, pH 7.5)  5.42                                                            Water          1.36                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                          0.073                                                           DTNB           0.040                                                           GDH (64.6 U/mg)                                                                               0.060                                                           Diaphorase                                                                     (118 U/mg)     0.005                                                           BSA            0.035                                                           Lipoamide      0.030                                                           LipDH                                                                          (l350 U/mL)    200 μL                                                       NAD.sup.+      0.060                                                           Mutarotase                                                                     (5060 U/mL)    100 μL                                                       Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.4                                                  3          Gelatin        1.13                                                            Water          6.78                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            TR-1           0.060                                                4          carbodiimide   1.25%                                                ______________________________________                                    

Procedure: The components of each solution were combined at 40° in the order given. The solutions were degassed before coating. Layer 1 was spread onto a polyester backing and dried. Layer 2 was spread onto Layer 1 and dried and so on. The final device was made up of three gelatin layers on a polyester backing. The carbodiimide treatment crosslinks the gelatin matrix thereby providing a harder surface which permits wiping the surface of the device.

Dose Response: With increasing glucose concentration from 50 to 600 mg/dL, the color sequence was pale red to olive green to blue black. ##STR19##

B. Pathway 1: MPMS/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: Glutathione/Reductase/glutathione/DTNB Reductase

    ______________________________________                                         Layer      Component      Quantity (g)                                         ______________________________________                                         1          Gelatin        1.13                                                            Water          6.78                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            INT            0.064                                                2          Gelatin        1.13                                                            HEPES Buffer,                                                                  (pH 7.5) 1 M,  5.42                                                            Water          1.36                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            DCIP           0.0147                                                          K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                          0.073                                                           DTNB           0.040                                                           GDH (64.6 U/mg)                                                                               0.060                                                           NAD.sup.+      0.060                                                           MPMS           0.010                                                           Glutathione                                                                    Reductase (2320                                                                U/mL)          230 μL                                                       Glutathione    0.089                                                           Mutarotase (5060                                                               U/mL)          100 μL                                            3          Carbodiimide   1.25%                                                ______________________________________                                    

The procedure used for the formulation and testing of the device was that of Example 7A.

Dose Response:

    ______________________________________                                         Glucose (mg/dL)     Color                                                      ______________________________________                                         110                 Peacock Blue                                               140                 Green-Blue                                                 180                 Dull Light Aqua                                            250                 Dull Rose                                                  300                 Dull Rose                                                  400                 Rose                                                       500                 Rose                                                       600                 Dark Rose                                                  800                 Burgandy                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The colors blue to rose to burgandy can be easily distinguished visually.

C. Pathway 1: MPMS/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: LipDH/Lipoamide/DTNB

    ______________________________________                                         Layer     Component      Quantity (g)                                          ______________________________________                                         1         Gelatin        1.13                                                            Water          6.78                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton X-l00 (4%)                                                                             0.40                                                            INT            0.064                                                 2         Gelatin        1.13                                                            HEPES Buffer, 1 M,                                                             pH 7.5         5.92                                                            Water          1.86                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                          0.073                                                           DTNB           0.040                                                           GDH (64.6 U/mg)                                                                               0.060                                                           NAD.sup.+      0.060                                                           MPMS           0.010                                                           DCIP           0.0147                                                          Lipoamide      0.030                                                           Mutarotase (5060                                                               U/mL)          100 μL                                                       LipDH (l350                                                                    U/mL)          200 μL                                             3         Carbodiimide   1.25%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The procedure used for the formulation and testing of the device was that of Example 7A.

Dose Response:

    ______________________________________                                         Glucose (mg/dL)     Color                                                      ______________________________________                                         20                  Peacock Blue                                               40                  Peacock Blue                                               70                  Aqua                                                       110                 Teal Green                                                 140                 Mint Green                                                 180                 Sea Green                                                  250                 Green Gold                                                 300                 Gold                                                       400                 Orange Gold                                                500                 Orange                                                     600                 Dark Orange                                                800                 Darker Orange                                              ______________________________________                                    

The colors blue, green, gold, orange are visually distinct.

D. Pathway 1: MPMS/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: LipDH/Lipoamide/3-ND

    ______________________________________                                         Layer     Component      Quantity (g)                                          ______________________________________                                         1         Gelatin        1.13                                                            Water          6.78                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            INT            0.064                                                 2         Gelatin        1.13                                                            HEPES Buffer, 1 M,                                                             pH 7.5         5.92                                                            Water          1.86                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       0.40                                                            K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                          0.073                                                           DCIP           0.0147                                                          3-ND (20 mM)   l.25 mL                                                         GDH            0.060                                                           NAD.sup.+      0.060                                                           MPMS           0.010                                                           Lipoamide      0.030                                                           Mutarotase (5060                                                               U/mL)          100 μL                                                       LipDH                                                                          (1350 U/mL)    200 μL                                             3         Carbodiimide   1.25%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The procedure used for the formulation and testing of the device was that of Example 7A.

Dose Response:

    ______________________________________                                         Glucose (mg/dL)     Color                                                      ______________________________________                                         40                  Peacock Blue                                               70                  Teal Green                                                 110                 Mint Green                                                 140                 Light Mint                                                 180                 Sea Green                                                  250                 Tan                                                        300                 Dark Tan                                                   400                 Pale Brown                                                 500                 Rust                                                       600                 Rust                                                       800                 Dark Red                                                   ______________________________________                                    

With this formulation, using the DTNB derivative 3-ND, the generation of the final hue of the test device, visible to the user, was complete in 8 minutes.

E. Pathway 1: MPMS/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: LipDH/lipoamide/3-ND

    ______________________________________                                         Layer     Component      Quantity (g)                                          ______________________________________                                         1         gelatin        1.13                                                            water          6.78                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       .40                                                             INT            .064                                                  2         gelatin        1.13                                                            HEPES Buffer, 1 M                                                              pH = 7.5       5.92                                                            water          1.86                                                            PVP K30 (20%)  1.69                                                            Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                       .40                                                             3-ND (40 mM)   2.50 mL                                                         DCIP           0.0147                                                          GDH            0.060                                                           NAD.sup.+      0.060                                                           MPMS           0.010                                                           lipoamide      0.030                                                           mutarotase (5060                                                               U/mL)          100 μL                                                       LipDH (1350 U/mL)                                                                             200 μL                                                       K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                          0.55                                                  3         carbodiimide   1.25%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The procedure used for the formulation and testing of the device was that of Example 7A.

Dose Response:

    ______________________________________                                         Glucose mg/dL        Hue generated                                             ______________________________________                                         0                    blue                                                      20                   dark blue green                                           40                   blue green                                                70                   light green                                               110                  yellow green                                              140                  gold                                                      180                  gold orange                                               250                  orange                                                    400                  red orange                                                800                  deep red                                                  ______________________________________                                    

This device exhibits a full spectrum RAINBOW; blue, green, gold, orange and red. The hue visible to the user depends on the concentration of glucose and is generated in 7 to 8 minutes.

F. Whole blood glucose RAINBOW test device.

Pathway 1: Diaphorase/DCIP/INT

Pathway 2: LipDH/lipoamide/3-ND

    ______________________________________                                         Layer     Component        Quantity (g)                                        ______________________________________                                         1         Gelatin          1.13                                                          Water            6.78                                                          PVP K30 (20%)    1.69                                                          Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                         .40                                                           INT              .064                                                2         Gelatin          1.13                                                          MES buffer, 1 M (pH-6.5)                                                                        5.92                                                          Water            1.86                                                          PVP K30 (20%)    1.69                                                          Triton ® X-100 (4%)                                                                         .40                                                           3-ND (40 mM)     2.5 mL                                                        GDH (64 U/mg)    .060                                                          NAD.sup.+        .060                                                          Diaphorase (118 U/mg)                                                                           .010                                                          BSA              .040                                                          Mutarotase (5060 U/mL)                                                                          100 μL                                                     LipDH (1350 U/mL)                                                                               200 μL                                                     DCIP             0.0147                                                        K.sub.3 Fe(CN).sub.6                                                                            0.055                                               3         Carbodiimide     1.25%                                               ______________________________________                                    

The procedure used for formulation of the device was that described in Example 7A. Testing was done with whole blood samples spiked to the desired glucose levels, analyzed with a YSI glucose analyzer. The dose response data is given below. The test device, containing a test composition of the invention compartmentalized by layering in a gelatin carrier, exhibited a full spectrum RAINBOW over a glucose concentration of 0 to 800 mg/dL. The composition was designed to produce a green hue covering the normal blood glucose range.

Dose Response:

    ______________________________________                                         Glucose mg/dL        Hue Generated                                             ______________________________________                                         0                    blue                                                      40                   light blue                                                70                   blue green                                                110                  sea green                                                 140                  pale green                                                180                  light yellow                                              250                  yellow orange                                             400                  orange red                                                800                  red                                                       ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 8:

Paper RAINBOW

Although multilayered gelatin is a preferred matrix for a rainbow device, a device can be prepared using paper as a carrier. A solution of the following composition, made in the order shown, was prepared.

    ______________________________________                                         NADH Concentration (mM)                                                        Time                                                                           (minutes)                                                                             0       .33    1         3.33  10                                       ______________________________________                                         1      blue    light blue                                                                            blue/green                                                                               brown brown/orange                             2      blue    light blue                                                                            pale green                                                                               brown orange                                   3      blue    light blue                                                                            faint green                                                                              brown orange                                   ______________________________________                                    

The buffer was TAPSO, pH 7.4. Both polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and the order of reagent addition were critical in this example. A concentration of 1 to 1.5% PVA prevents the coprecipitation of DCIP and INT in a paper matrix.

Whatman 31 ET paper was impregnated with this solution and dried at 50° C. The dried paper was cut and mounted on a plastic backing to form test strips. The test strips were assayed with NADH solution and the results shown below.

    ______________________________________                                                           Triton                                                       Reagent    PVA    X-100   Buffer                                                                               INT  DCIP  DTNB                                ______________________________________                                         Concentration                                                                             10     10      1000  5    5     10                                  (mM) Stock Solution                                                            Volume (μL)                                                                            750    100     1000  1500 900   1500                                Used                                                                           Final Concen-                                                                             1.24   0.17%   166   1.24 0.74  0.68                                tration (mM)                                                                   Order of Mixing                                                                           1      2       3     4    5     6                                   ______________________________________                                         Reagent    MPMS      Gluthatione                                                                              Glut-Reductase                                  ______________________________________                                         Concentration                                                                             0.05      5         1790 U/mL                                       (mM) Stock Solution                                                            Volume (μL)                                                                            30        150       112                                             Used                                                                           Final Concen-                                                                             250 nM    124 μM 33 U/mL                                         tration                                                                        Order of Mixing                                                                           7         8         9                                               ______________________________________                                    

Many variations and modifications can be made from these examples without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Process for determining the concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample, which process comprises:contacting a common substrate generating system capable of generating a common substrate by reaction with an analyte of interest, with (a) an analyte, (b) a first catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue of a first indicator component by reaction with the common substrate, and (c) a second catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue of a second indicator component by reaction with the common substrate, wherein the generation of the change in hues of the first and second indicator components occurs substantially simultaneously and provides different hues at different analyte concentrations, the final hue depending on the concentration of the analyte.
 2. The process of claim 1 in which a color retardant is added to delay the reaction of the common substrate with a catalytic systems.
 3. The test composition of claim 2 in which the color retardant is potassium ferrocyanide.
 4. The test composition for the determination of the concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample, comprising:(a) a common substrate generating system which in the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample will generate a common substrate selected from the group consisting of adenosine triphosphate, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide, hydrogen peroxide, glycerol and glucose; (b) a first catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a first indicator upon reaction with the common substrate; and (c) a second catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a second indicator by reaction with the common substrate, wherein the generation of the change in hues of the first and second indicators occurs substantially simultaneously and provides different hues at different analyte concentrations, the final hue produced by the test composition depending on the concentration of the analyte present in the fluid sample.
 5. The test composition of claim 4 in which the common substrate generating system is glucose oxidase and the analyte is glucose.
 6. The test composition of claim 4 in which the common substrate generating system is cholesterol oxidase and the analyte is cholesterol.
 7. The test composition of claim 4 in which the common substrate generating system is alcohol oxidase and the analyte is alcohol.
 8. The test composition of claim 4 in which the common substrate generating system is lipoprotein lipase and the analyte is triglyceride.
 9. The test composition of claim 8 in which the first catalytic system comprises glycerolkinase and the second catalytic system comprises glycerol dehydrogenase.
 10. The test composition of claim 4 in which the common substrate generating system is alpha amylase and the analyte is alpha amylase.
 11. The test composition of claim 10 in which the first catalytic system comprises hexokinase and the second catalytic system comprises glucose dehydrogenase.
 12. The test composition of claim 4 in which the change in hue of one of the first or second indicators is from a hue to substantially colorless.
 13. The test composition of claim 4 in which a color retardant is added to the test composition to delay the reaction of the common substrate with the catalytic systems.
 14. The test composition of claim 4 which also contains a buffer for maintaining the pH of the test composition between about 6 and
 9. 15. The test device for the determination of concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample comprising:a carrier matrix, and a test composition incorporated into the carrier matrix, said test composition comprising: (a) a common substrate generating system which in the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample will generate a common substrate selected from the group consisting of adenosine triphosphate, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide, hydrogen peroxide, glycerol and glucose; (b) a first catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a first indicator upon reaction with the common substrate; and (c) a second catalytic system capable of generating a change in hue in a second indicator by reaction with the common substrate, wherein the generation of the change in hues of the first and second indicators occurs substantially simultaneously and provides different hues at different analyte concentrations, the final hue produced by the test composition depending on the concentration of the analyte present in the fluid sample.
 16. The test device of claim 15 in which at least one indicator component is compartmentalized within the carrier matrix.
 17. The test device of claim 16 in which at least one indicator component is compartmentalized within a gelatin layer within a carrier matrix.
 18. The test device of claim 15 in which the carrier matrix is paper.
 19. The test device of claim 15 in which the carrier matrix is a hydrophilic carrier. 